Sources & References

Whitening Products and Tooth Safety

American Dental Association (ADA)

The ADA provides guidelines on the safety of over-the-counter whitening products and the ADA Seal of Acceptance program for whitening products.

Natural Teeth Whitening: Fact vs. Fiction

American Dental Association - MouthHealthy.org

ADA consumer guidance on teeth whitening methods, safety considerations, and what to expect from whitening treatments.

Efficacy and Safety of Tooth Whitening Procedures

Carey CM.

Dental Clinics of North America, 2014; 58(2): 255-267

Comprehensive review of tooth whitening procedures, their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety profiles including discussion of hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide.

Tooth Whitening: What We Now Know

Joiner A, Luo W.

Journal of Dentistry, 2017; 67S: S21-S27

Review of the current scientific understanding of tooth whitening including mechanisms, clinical efficacy, and effects on tooth structure.

Hydrogen Peroxide Tooth-Whitening: A Review

Dahl JE, Pallesen U.

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, 2003; 14(4): 292-304

Foundational review examining the chemistry, efficacy, and biological safety of hydrogen peroxide in tooth whitening applications.

Effect of Whitening Strips on Tooth Sensitivity

Cordero RE, et al.

American Journal of Dentistry, 2020; 33(1): 51-54

Clinical study examining the prevalence, intensity, and duration of tooth sensitivity associated with over-the-counter whitening strip use.

Efficacy of Phthalimidoperoxycaproic Acid (PAP) for Tooth Bleaching

Vildósola P, et al.

Journal of Applied Oral Science, 2022; 30: e20210219

Research examining the whitening efficacy and safety profile of PAP-based whitening products as an alternative to peroxide-based systems.

Effects of Bleaching Agents on Enamel Surface

Matis BA, et al.

Operative Dentistry, 2009; 34(2): 134-141

Investigation of the effects of various concentrations of whitening agents on tooth enamel microhardness and surface morphology.

Tooth Whitening Products

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

FDA information on the regulation of tooth whitening products, including over-the-counter and professional products.

Oral Health Information

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)

Comprehensive oral health information from the National Institutes of Health, including guidance on cosmetic dental procedures.

Colgate Oral Care Center

Colgate Professional

Professional dental resources including clinical research and patient education materials on whitening.

WebMD Oral Care Guide

WebMD

Medically reviewed consumer information on teeth whitening options, safety, and effectiveness.